Bibliographies: 'Cleaved PARP' – Grafiati (2024)

Abstract:

Background/Aims: Cyclosporine A (CsA) is an immunosuppressant drug that is used during organ transplants. However, its utility is limited by its nephrotoxic potential. This study aimed to investigate whether fluorofenidone (AKF-PD) could provide protection against CsA-induced nephrotoxicity. Methods: Eighty-five male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 5 groups: drug solvent, CsA, CsA with AKF-PD (250, 500 mg/kg/day), and CsA with pirfenidone (PFD, 250 mg/kg/day). Tubulointerstitial injury index, extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, expression of type I and IV collagen, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), Fas ligand (FASL), cleaved-caspase-3, cleaved-poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)-1, and the number of transferase-mediated nick end-labeling (TUNEL)-positive renal tubule cells were determined. In addition, levels of TGF-β1, FASL, cleaved-caspase-3, cleaved-PARP-1, and number of annexin V-positive cells were determined in rat proximal tubular epithelial cells (NRK-52E) treated with CsA (20 μmol/L), AKF-PD (400 μg/mL), PFD (400 μg/mL), and GW788388 (5 μmol/L). Results: AKF-PD (250, 500 mg/kg/day) significantly reduced tubulointerstitial injury, ECM deposition, expression of type I and IV collagen, TGF-β1, PDGF, FASL, cleaved-caspase-3, cleaved-PARP-1, and number of TUNEL-positive renal tubule cells in the CsA-treated kidneys. In addition, AKF-PD (400 μg/mL) significantly decreased TGF-β1, FASL, cleaved-caspase-3, and PARP-1 expression in NRK-52E cells and further reduced the number of annexin V-positive cells. Conclusion: AKF-PD protect kidney from fibrosis and apoptosis in CsA-induced kidney injury.

Abstract:

The periodontopathic bacterium Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans has been implicated in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases. It has been reported previously that infection with the organism induced apoptosis in the mouse macrophage cell line J774.1. In the present study, the role of caspases during apoptosis in A. actinomycetemcomitans-infected J774.1 cells was examined. A large number of apoptotic cells was detected by flow cytometric analysis in infected J774.1 cells; however, inhibitors of caspase-9, -6 and -3/7 completely blocked the induction of apoptosis. Expression of the cleaved forms of caspase-6 and -7 was detected during apoptosis in infected J774.1 cells. Immunoblot analysis revealed that the caspase-9 inhibitor blocked expression of the cleaved forms of caspase-6 and -7, whilst the caspase-3 inhibitor blocked expression of the cleaved form of caspase-7, but not caspase-6. It is known that lamin A/C and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) are essential nuclear components for maintaining normal cell function and viability, and both were found to be cleaved in the infected J774.1 cells. Immunoblot analysis also revealed that the caspase-6 inhibitor blocked the cleavage of lamin A/C, whilst the caspase-3/7 inhibitor blocked the cleavage of PARP. Taken together, these results suggest that activation of caspases and the subsequent cleavage of lamin A/C and PARP are involved in the morphological changes of apoptotic macrophages infected with A. actinomycetemcomitans.

Abstract:

Tanshinones are a group of bioactive constituents isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, a widely prescribed traditional Chinese herb. In the current study, the anticancer properties of total tanshinones (TDT) were evaluated using 95D lung cancer cells. Tanshinone IIA was identified as the main component of TDT. Compared with tanshinone IIA, TDT showed more cytotoxic effects on the 95D cells. Annexin V/7-AAD double staining, the depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) (Δψ), the up-regulation of pro-apoptotic proteins, such as cleaved-PARP, cleaved-caspase-3, Bax, and Bad, and the down-regulation of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 were evidence of TDT-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, TDT-induced autophagy as demonstrated by monodansylcadaverine (MDC) staining and the up-regulation of autophagy-associated proteins, such as LC3-II, Beclin-1, Atg3, Atg5, Atg7, and Atg12. Autophagy inhibitors, 3-methyladenine (3-MA) and bafilomycin A1, enhanced TDT-induced cell death. 3-MA pretreatment enhanced the TDT-induced up-regulation of Bax and cleaved-PARP. In addition, TDT induced the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which was reversed by N-acetylcysteine (NAC). NAC also reversed TDT-induced depolarization of Δψ, MDC staining, up-regulation of Bax, cleaved-PARP, Beclin-1, LC3-II, and cell viability. In conclusion, our findings showed that TDT-induced apoptosis and protective autophagy in 95D cells mediated by increasing intracellular ROS production.

Abstract:

The role and therapeutic promise of poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors in anticancer chemotherapy are increasingly being explored, particularly in adjuvant or maintenance therapy, considering their low efficacy as monotherapy agents and their potentiating effects on concurrently administered contemporary chemotherapeutics. Against the background of increasing acquired resistance to FGFR1 inhibitors and our previous work, which partially demonstrated the caspase-3/PARP-mediated antitumor and antimetastatic efficacy of PD173074, a selective FGFR1 inhibitor, against ALDH-high/FGFR1-rich pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells, we investigated the probable synthetic lethality and therapeutic efficacy of targeted PARP inhibition combined with FGFR1 blockade in patients with PDAC. Using bioinformatics-based analyses of gene expression profiles, co-occurrence and mutual exclusivity, molecular docking, immunofluorescence staining, clonogenicity, Western blotting, cell viability or cytotoxicity screening, and tumorsphere formation assays, we demonstrated that FGFR1 and PARP co-occur, form a complex, and reduce survival in patients with PDAC. Furthermore, FGFR1 and PARP expression was upregulated in FGFR1 inhibitor (dasatinib)-resistant PDAC cell lines SU8686, MiaPaCa2, and PANC-1 compared with that in sensitive cell lines Panc0403, Panc0504, Panc1005, and SUIT-2. Compared with the limited effect of single-agent olaparib (PARP inhibitor) or PD173074 on PANC-1 and SUIT-2 cells, low-dose combination (olaparib + PD173074) treatment significantly, dose-dependently, and synergistically reduced cell viability, upregulated cleaved PARP, pro-caspase (CASP)-9, cleaved-CASP9, and cleaved-CASP3 protein expression, and downregulated Bcl-xL protein expression. Furthermore, combination treatment markedly suppressed the clonogenicity and tumorsphere formation efficiency of PDAC cells regardless of FGFR1 inhibitor-resistance status and enhanced RAD51 and γ-H2AX immunoreactivity. In vivo studies have shown that both early and late initiation of combination therapy markedly suppressed tumor xenograft growth and increase in weight, although the effect was more pronounced in the early initiation group. In conclusion, FGFR1 inhibitor-resistant PDAC cells exhibited sensitivity to PD173074 after olaparib-mediated loss of PARP signaling. The present FGFR1/PARP-mediated synthetic lethality proof-of-concept study provided preclinical evidence of the feasibility and therapeutic efficacy of combinatorial FGFR1/PARP1 inhibition in human PDAC cell lines.

Abstract:

Abstract Objective: To explore the apoptosis effect induced by bortezomib combined with harringtonine or arsenious acid in HL60 cell line and the mechanism. Methods: Cell’s apoptosis was demonstrated by MTT assay and Hoechst33342 staining. Expression of Bcl-2, Caspase-9, Caspase-3 and PARP protein was detected by western blotting. Results: HL60 cells’ apoptosis could be induced by bortezomib, harringtonine and arsenious acid respectively, and the apoptosis effect was inhanced significantly when bortezomib combined with harringtonine or arsenious acid. Western blotting showed Bcl-2 protein was down-regulated and Caspase-9, Caspase-3 and PARP proteins were all cleaved activation when cells were treated by 15uM arsenious acid alone, but only cleaved activation of PARP and down-regulation of Bcl-2 protein be detected when cells were treated with 30nM harringtonine alone, expression of Caspase-9 and Caspase-3 has no change compared with the control. The changes of associated proteins were paralleled with the cell’s apoptosis when treated with combined drugs. Conclusion: HL60 cells’ apoptosis could be inhanced significantly when treated by bortezomib combined with harringtonine or arsenious acid compared with treated by bortezomib alone. Arsenious acid and bortezomib can inhibit caspase signaling pathway and down-regulate the expression of Bcl-2 protein together, but harringtonine and bortezomib can only down-regulate the expression of Bcl-2 protein and induce cleaved activation of PARP together.

Abstract:

ABSTRACT Infections with RNA viruses are sensed by the innate immune system through membrane-bound Toll-like receptors or the cytoplasmic RNA helicases RIG-I and MDA-5. It is believed that MDA-5 is crucial for sensing infections by picornaviruses, but there have been no studies on the role of this protein during infection with poliovirus, the prototypic picornavirus. Beginning at 4 h postinfection, MDA-5 protein is degraded in poliovirus-infected cells. Levels of MDA-5 declined beginning at 6 h after infection with rhinovirus type 1a or encephalomyocarditis virus, but the protein was stable in cells infected with rhinovirus type 16 or echovirus type 1. Cleavage of MDA-5 is not carried out by either poliovirus proteinase 2Apro or 3Cpro. Instead, degradation of MDA-5 in poliovirus-infected cells occurs in a proteasome- and caspase-dependent manner. Degradation of MDA-5 during poliovirus infection correlates with cleavage of poly(ADP) ribose polymerase (PARP), a hallmark of apoptosis. Induction of apoptosis by puromycin leads to cleavage of both PARP and MDA-5. The MDA-5 cleavage product observed in cells treated with puromycin is ∼90 kDa, similar in size to the putative cleavage product observed in poliovirus-infected cells. Poliovirus-induced cleavage of MDA-5 may be a mechanism to antagonize production of type I interferon in response to viral infection.

Abstract:

14132 Background: To assess whether the administration of celecoxib, a specific cyclooxegenease-2 (COX-2) inhibitor, to patients with breast cancer alters the proliferative and apoptotic indexes of their tumors. Methods: Women newly diagnosed with non metastatic breast cancer were enrolled into the study after undergoing a diagnostic core needle biopsy. Patients received celecoxib treatment at 400 mg orally twice a day for 14 days, and then underwent surgical excision of their tumor. Core biopsies obtained at the time of initial diagnostic procedure and surgical excision specimens were stained for Ki-67, as well as COX-2 and cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) expression (as an apoptosis marker). Appropriate negative and positive controls were included. We assessed the difference in Ki- 67, COX-2 and cleaved PARP expression levels, before and after treatment using the Wilcoxon’s matched-pair ranks test and the McNemar’s test. Results: 16 patients were enrolled. The median age was 54.6 years. ER and/or PR expression was present in 81% of tumors; Her-2 neu overexpression was present in 25%. No significant change in COX-2 or cleaved PARP expression was noticed in the post intervention specimen compared to the core biopsies. Surprisingly, there was a significant increase in the Ki-67 expression (p < 0.009). Conclusions: we have conducted a short term prospective study to assess the effects of celecoxib, on the proliferative and apoptotic indexes in patients with early stage breast cancer. We have found an increase in the Ki-67 activity, with no significant down regulation of COX-2 or increase in cleaved PARP expression with 14 days of therapy. This could be partly due to the small sample size. [Table: see text]

Abstract:

The geographical distribution of oesophageal cancer is linked to the exposure of fumonisin B1 (FB1), a mycotoxin produced by fungi that contaminates staple food worldwide. Non-genotoxic carcinogens like FB1 disturb homeostasis through increased cell proliferation or suppression of apoptosis. This study investigated the involvement of FB1 (0–20 μM) in spindle-shaped N-cadherin (+) CD45 (−) osteoblastic (SNO) cell death. Cell viability and death were assessed using the MTS and Annexin V-Fluos assays, respectively. Caspase activities were determined luminometrically and the comet assay assessed DNA damage. Induction of oxoguanine glycosylase 1 (OGG1) was measured using quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR), while cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1) and Bax were determined by western blotting. Cell viability and PARP-1 cleavage were not affected by 1.25 μM FB1, but phosphatidylserine externalization, Bax protein expression, caspase activity, comet tail length and OGG1 transcripts were increased. The reduced cell viability in 10 μM FB1-treated cells was accompanied by corresponding increases in externalized phosphatidylserine, Bax, caspase-3/7 activity and cleaved PARP-1. The OGG1 transcripts were not significantly increased, but comet tails were increased. Bax, caspase-3/7 activities and cleaved PARP-1 were inhibited at 20 μM FB1. In addition, the OGG1 transcript levels were decreased ( p < 0.0001) along with comet lengths ( p < 0.0001). This study showed that FB1-induced apoptosis in SNO cells may be caspase-dependent or caspase-independent; the pathway used depends on the exposure concentration.

Abstract:

Retinal neuropathy is an early event in the development of diabetic retinopathy. One of the potential enzymes that are activated by oxidative stress in the diabetic retina is poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). We investigated the effect of the PARP inhibitor 1,5-isoquinolinediol on the expression of the neurodegeneration mediators and markers in the retinas of diabetic rats. After two weeks of streptozotocin-induced diabetes, rats were treated with 1,5-isoquinolinediol (3 mg/kg/day). After 4 weeks of diabetes, the retinas were harvested and the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were determined fluorometrically and the expressions of PARP, phosporylated-ERK1/2, BDNF, synaptophysin, glutamine synthetase (GS), and caspase-3 were determined by Western blot analysis. Retinal levels of ROS, PARP-1/2, phosphorylated ERK1/2, and cleaved caspase-3 were significantly increased, whereas the expressions of BDNF synaptophysin and GS were significantly decreased in the retinas of diabetic rats, compared to nondiabetic rats. Administration of 1,5-isoquinolinediol did not affect the metabolic status of the diabetic rats, but it significantly attenuated diabetes-induced upregulation of PARP, ROS, ERK1/2phosphorylation, and cleaved caspase-3 and downregulation of BDNF, synaptophysin, and GS. These findings suggest a beneficial effect of the PARP inhibitor in increasing neurotrophic support and ameliorating early retinal neuropathy induced by diabetes.

Abstract:

Prostatacancer är den sjätte mest förekommande cancertypen i världen, och den tredje vanligaste cancertypen bland män. De olika typer av behandlingar som finns idag botar oftast inte sjukdomen. Det är därför viktigt att utveckla bättre behandlingsmetoder. Det är sedan tidigare känt att mangan kan orsaka apoptos i olika celltyper. Det ger en möjlighet att använda mangan för att hämma cancer och det är därför viktigt att veta vilka apoptotiska markörer som är involverade. Syftet med projektet var att undersöka om de sker en ökning av de apoptotiska markörerna kluven Kaspas-3 och kluven PARP efter manganbehandling av prostatacancerceller. Därefter kunna avgöra om manganbehandlingen har orsakat celldöd genom att inducera apoptos. Under projektet odlades prostatacancerceller (PC3) som sedan behandlades med 200 µM mangan under 6, 24 och 48 timmar. Därefter mättes mängden av proteinerna kluven Kaspas-3 och kluven PARP med hjälp av ett sandwich-ELISA kit. En tydlig stegvis ökning av apoptosmarkörerna med inkuberingstid hade förväntats. Det förväntade resultatet erhölls inte, för kluven Kaspase-3 ledde manganbehandlingen t.o.m. till en sänkning av koncentrationen. Det kan ha uppstått problem vid analysen som t.ex dålig lysering av cellerna eller ojämn tillväxt av dem. Det behövs fler studier för att utreda detta och för att undersöka andar potentiella apoptosmarkörer.
Prostate cancer is the sixth most common cancer type in the world, and the third most common cancer type among men. The different types of treatments that are available today do not usually cure the disease. It is therefore important to develop better treatment methods. It has previously been stated that manganese can cause apoptosis in different cell types. It provides an opportunity to use manganese to inhibit cancer and it is therefore important to know which apoptotic markers that are involved. The purpose of the project was to investigate whether an increase in the apoptotic markers cleaved Kaspas-3 and cleaved PARP after manganese treatment of prostate cancer cells. Thereafter, it can determine whether manganese treatment has caused cell death by inducing apoptosis. During the project prostate cancer cells (PC3-cells) were cultivated, then treated with 200 µM manganese for 6, 24 and 48 hours. The amount of the proteins cleaved Kaspas-3 and cleaved PARP was measured by using a sandwich ELISA kit. A clear gradual increase of apoptotic markers with incubation time was expected. The expected result was not obtained, for cleaved Kaspase-3 manganese treatment even decreased the concentrations. There may have been problems with the performance of the analysis such as poor lysis of the cells or uneven growth of the cells. More studies are required to investigate this and other potential apoptotic markers.

Abstract:

As operações industriais são objeto de muitas estratégias de gestão que visam melhorar o desempenho da empresa. Dentre estas estratégias podem ser encontradas a Produção Enxuta (Lean) e a Produção mais Limpa (P+L), implementadas de forma independente segundo objetivos distintos. Contudo, na prática, é frequente observar que as estratégias interagem dentro do contexto das indústrias, potencializando o ganho de desempenho operacional/ambiental ou prejudicando uma a outra quanto a seus objetivos. A academia vem recentemente evidenciando o possível relacionamento entre Lean e P+L dando principal atenção às interações positivas entre as estratégias, havendo poucos trabalhos que observam as interações negativas ou estudam os mecanismos pelos quais é possível descrever seu relacionamento. Como resposta a esta lacuna, esta pesquisa tem por objetivo principal propor diretrizes para a integração entre o Lean e P+L nas empresas. Esta proposta de diretrizes se baseia no levantamento do estado da arte da integração entre as estratégias, que fornece as informações sobre o seu relacionamento, que são, por sua vez, verificadas empiricamente. Para executar essa estratégia de pesquisa foi feita a aplicação de dois métodos científicos: a Revisão Bibliográfica Sistemática (RBS) e o estudo de caso. A RBS, desenvolvida para analisar o conhecimento disponível sobre a integração entre Lean e P+L, investigou 5 bases de dados científicas através das quais foram avaliados 380 estudos, que após a aplicação de filtros e adição de estudos citados por estudos selecionados foi possível chegar a 38 relevantes para a avaliação da integração entre Lean e P+L. A partir desses estudos, que reúnem desde artigos em periódicos e conferências até relatórios de agências governamentais, foi possível obter informações iniciais sobre o relacionamento entre o Lean e P+L, por exemplo os principais temas de convergência e divergência e o fenômeno compartilhado entre as teorias, definidos segundo a literatura. Para verificação empírica dessas informações, foram feitos estudos de caso em duas empresas brasileiras e duas empresas inglesas para observar a integração em contextos diferentes e setores diferentes. Os estudos mostraram que, de maneira geral, os departamentos ambientais, onde a P+L é praticada, e de Lean se encontram distantes. Dessa forma, nos casos não havia iniciativa de integração entre o Lean e a P+L, mas sim interações espontâneas que levavam a benefícios os prejuízos de uma ou outra estratégia. O conhecimento, primeiramente obtido na literatura e depois submetido a uma avaliação empírica, foi reunido em diretrizes de integração dentro dos temas de integração entre o Lean e a P+L: Objetivos, Custos, Desperdícios, Ciclo de Vida, Risco Ambiental, Impactos Ambientais, Práticas, Consumidor e Sociedade, Cultura, Recursos Humanos, Requisitos Legais e Cadeia de suprimentos. Estes resultados contribuem para que, ao invés de uma abordagem segregada entre as estratégias, a sustentabilidade possa ser inserida diretamente dentro dos sistemas produtivos. Desta forma, a integração entre o Lean e a P+L passa a ser tanto uma resposta à demanda do consumidor por melhor desempenho ambiental quanto uma alternativa para que as empresas aumentem a eficiência de seus processos.
Industrial operations are the subject of many management strategies aimed at improving the company\'s performance. Among these strategies are Lean Manufacturing (Lean) and Cleaner Production (CP), implemented independently according to different goals. However, in practice, it is often observed that the strategies interact within the industries´ context, increasing the operational/environmental performance improvements or harming each others´ goals. The academy has recently started emphasizing the possible relationship between Lean and CP giving primary attention to the positive interactions between strategies, having few studies observed negative interactions or studied the mechanisms through which it is possible to describe their relationship. In response to this gap this research´s main objective is to propose guidelines for the integration between Lean and CP in companies. This guidelines proposition is based on a study of the state of the art of the integration between the two strategies which provided information about their relationship, that was in turn verified empirically. To run this search strategy two scientific methods were applied, the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) and the case study. The RBS was performed to analyze the available knowledge about the integration between Lean and CP investigated 5 scientific databases in which 380 studies were evaluated. After applying filters and adding studies cited by the selected studies, 38 studies were reached, which were the most relevant to the evaluation of the integration between Lean and CP. These studies ranged from journal and conference articles to government agencies reports, and from them it was possible to obtain the initial information about the relationship between strategies such as their main themes and the shared phenomenon defined according to the literature. For empirical verification of this information, case studies were performed in two Brazilian companies and two English companies to observe the integration in different contexts and different sectors. The studies have shown that in general the environmental departments, where CP is practiced, and Lean are distant. Thus no integration initiative between Lean and CP was observed, but spontaneous interactions that led to randomly to convergences and divergences. The knowledge obtained first literature and then subjected to an empirical evaluation was gathered in integration guidelines displayed according to the integration themes between Lean and CP: Objectives, Cost, Waste, Life Cycle, Environmental Risk, Environmental Impacts, Practices, Consumer and Society, Culture, Human Resources, Legal Requirements and Supply Chain. These results contribute to, rather than maintaining a segregated approach between strategies, inserting sustainability directly into the production systems. Consequently, the integration between Lean and CP becomes both a response to consumer demand for a better environmental performance and an alternative for companies that want increase processes efficiency.

Abstract:

As empresas operam em um ambiente cada vez mais dinâmico e competitivo, tornando imprescindível atender adequadamente às necessidades dos consumidores. Na atualidade, estas demandas foram ampliadas e, além de custo, qualidade, velocidade de entrega e flexibilidade, identifica-se um mercado que passa a cobrar pela redução dos impactos ambientais gerados pelos produtos e processos. Deste modo, esta pesquisa defende a proposição de que a Manufatura Enxuta, uma filosofia de gestão da produção, somada aos propósitos da Produção mais Limpa (PmaisL), uma estratégia de gestão ambiental para sistemas produtivos, pode ser uma solução para o alinhamento de seus objetivos, visto que ambas buscam o aumento de produtividade e a eliminação dos desperdícios. Para a implantação da Manufatura Enxuta não foi determinado um método que oriente como realizar este processo e quais são as práticas essenciais, além de ter poucas pesquisas que buscam compreender os fatores disto. Do mesmo modo, pesquisas que abordem a Manufatura Enxuta e a PmaisL ainda são preliminares. Neste sentido, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi propor recomendações para a implantação da Manufatura Enxuta considerando os propósitos da PmaisL, estruturadas no ciclo de melhoria contínua do método DMAIC. O método de pesquisa utilizado para alcançar o objetivo proposto foi o estudo de caso único em uma empresa de referência e o embasamento teórico foi pautado em uma revisão bibliográfica sistemática (RBS). Os resultados gerados com o desenvolvimento dessa pesquisa permitiram observar que não existe um método padrão para a implantação e que a literatura, de modo geral, aborda a implantação da Manufatura Enxuta como um processo de ciclos de melhoria continua envolvendo as atividades definir, medir, analisar, melhorar e controlar e também aborda o processo de implantação a ordem que as ferramentas e práticas devem ser implantadas. No que tange a RBS sobre PmaisL e manufatura enxuta foi possível extrair da literatura as compatibilidades e divergências entre as abordagens, recomendações para melhorar o desempenho ambiental dos sistemas enxutos, como os recursos humanos interferem na integração destas áreas e, além disso, como as práticas enxutas podem ser utilizadas para atingir os objetivos da PmaisL. Além disso, o estudo de caso permitiu observar empiricamente como o meio ambiente pode ser ponderado em um sistema de Manufatura Enxuta. Assim, com base nas evidências teóricas e práticas, gerou-se as recomendações, as quais poderão orientar as empresas de manufatura que desejam implantar as abordagens da Manufatura Enxuta e da PmaisL de maneira conjunta e obterem, simultaneamente, desempenho ambiental e econômico em suas melhorias. Ainda, foi possível concluir que apesar de existirem alguns trade-offs, estas abordagens são em grande parte convergentes.
Companies are operating in an ever more competitive and dynamic environment, making it essential to fulfil the consumers needs. Currently, these demands have expanded, and in addition to cost, quality, delivery speed and flexibility, it is possible to identify a market that requires reduction in the environmental impact of their products as well as procedures. Thus, this research supports the proposition that Lean Manufacturing, a production management philosophy, combined with Cleaner Production, the environmental management strategy for industrial systems, can be a solution for aligning goals, as both seek increased productivity and the elimination of wastage. In the implementation of Lean Manufacturing, there is as yet no method for guiding one to carry out this procedure, and to know what the essential operations are, as well as only having a few studies aimed to understand the factors involved. Similarly, the research addressing Lean Manufacturing and Cleaner Production remains at its initial stages. Thus, the objective of this research was to provide recommendations for the implementation of Lean Manufacturing considering Cleaner Production proposals, using the continuous improvement cycle structure from the DMAIC method. The research method used to achieve the proposed objective was a single case study in a notable company, and the theoretical framework was developed through a systematic literature review. The results, obtained through the development of this research, allowed us to observe that there was no standard method for deployment, and that the literature, in general, addressed the implementation of Lean Manufacturing as a process of cycles of continuous improvement, involving the defining, measuring, analyzing, improving and controlling activities; and also addressed within the implementation process the order in which the tools and operations should be implemented. With respect to RBS on Cleaner Production and Lean Manufacturing, it was possible to extract, from the literature, compatibilities and differences between the approaches; recommendations to improve the environmental performance of Lean systems, and how human resources interfered with the integration of these areas and, moreover, how the Lean operations could be used to achieve the objectives of Cleaner Production. In addition, the case study allowed the empirical observation of how the environment could be balanced in a Lean Manufacturing system. Thus, based on theoretical and practical evidence, the results generated recommendations, which could guide manufacturing companies that wanted to deploy in conjunction the approaches of Lean Manufacturing and Cleaner Production, and achieve both environmental and economical performances in their improvements. Furthermore, it was concluded that, although there are some trade-offs, these approaches are largely convergent.

Abstract:

O objetivo deste estudo foi de comparar a eficácia clínica de enxaguatórios bucais a higienizadores linguais e à escovação com dentifrício para higiene convencional, medidos por um monitor portátil de sulfetos BreathAlert™. Vinte voluntários saudáveis, com idade entre 18 e 50 anos (média de 35,9 anos), de ambos os gêneros, foram aleatoriamente alocados em um ensaio cruzado de cinco períodos. Foram testados: um higienizador de língua convencional (Kolbe®), um higienizador integrado à escova dental (Johnson´s Professional Extreme®), dois enxaguatórios bucais: 0,05% de cloreto de cetilpiridínio (Oral-B®) e 0,12% de digluconato de clorexidina (Periotherapy®- Bitufo) e uma escova dental (Johnson´s Professional Extreme®) com dentifrício fluoretado (Contente®) como controle positivo. Todos os voluntários foram orientados a permanecer por 20 horas sem qualquer tipo de higiene bucal, para registro dos índices iniciais de halitose. Cada produto foi utilizado uma vez seguido por uma semana de washout. O hálito foi mensurado antes (00), imediatamente após (0) e após 1, 2 e 3 horas do procedimento. Os produtos e os tempos foram comparados entre si pelo teste de Friedman (p<0,05) e, havendo diferenças significantes, foram analisados aos pares pelo teste de Wilcoxon, com ajuste de Bonferroni. Imediatamente após o uso dos produtos, somente o higienizador lingual acoplado à escova foi capaz de reduzir significantemente o hálito (p=0.0031) e seu efeito perdurou por até 2 horas. A clorexidina reduziu o hálito somente no final da segunda hora (p=0.004) e durou até três horas, enquanto que a higienização bucal com escova e dentifrício foi eficaz em reduzir o hálito já na primeira hora (p=0.002), perdurando por até 3 horas. Conclui-se que a higiene mecânica da língua foi capaz de reduzir imediatamente o hálito, porém com duração relativamente curta de seu efeito, enquanto que a clorexidina e a higienização da boca conseguiram reduzir o hálito por períodos maiores do que os observados na literatura que trabalha com halitose persistente.
The aim of this study was to compare the chemical effect of antimicrobial agents in mouthrinses and mechanical effect of tongue scrapers along with toothbrushing and dentifrice for conventional oral hygiene, measured by a handheld sulphide monitor BreathAlert™. Twenty healthy volunteers, from 18 to 50 years-old (the mean age was 35,9 years-old), of either gender, were randomly allocated into a five period cross-over trial. They were tested a conventional tongue scraper (Kolbe®), a tongue scraper coupled at the back of a toothbrushs head (Johnson′s Professional Extreme®), two mouthwashes: 0,05% cetylpyridinium chloride (Oral-B®) and 0,12% chlorhexidine digluconate (PerioTherapy®); and a soft-bristle toothbrush (Johnson′s Professional Extreme®) with fluoride toothpaste (Contente®) as a positive control. All the volunteers were asked to refrain from any kind of oral hygiene for a 20-hours period for baseline scores. Each product was used at once, followed by a one-week washout period. The breath was measured before (00), immediately after (0) and after 1, 2 and 3 hours after the procedure. A Friedman′s test (p <0.05) was used to compare the products and the times and, when significant differences were detected, a Wilcoxon′s test with Bonferroni correction was used (group to group). Immediately after the products use, only the toothbrush′s tongue scraper was able to significantly reduce the breath (p=0.0031) and its effect lasted for up to two hours. Chlorhexidine reduced the breath only at the final of the second hour (p=0.004) and lasted for three hours, while oral hygiene with toothbrush and toothpaste was effective in reducing the breath at the first hour (p=0.002) and lasted for up to three hours. It can be concluded that the mechanical cleaning of the tongue was able to immediately reduce the breath, but with relatively short duration of its effect, while chlorhexidine and the association of mechanical with chemical agents in oral hygiene can reduce the breath for longer periods than those observed in the literature which deals with chronic halitosis.

Abstract:

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
No Brasil, as atividades da construção civil são motivos de preocupação para os líderes ambientais, principalmente em relação à geração e à gestão dos resíduos da construção. Diante da necessidade de desenvolvimento sustentável nesse setor, a inovação tecnológica torna-se uma importante ferramenta para a minoração do impacto ambiental. Baseado nos princípios da produção mais limpa (P+L), o objetivo deste trabalho foi colaborar para o desenvolvimento da inovação tecnológica na construção civil, visando à redução dos resíduos gerados em obra. Utilizou-se como matéria-prima o gesso, água e polímeros, objetivando a melhoria nas propriedades deste material, tanto no estado fresco quanto no estado endurecido, como a redução da absorção e aumento da resistência à compressão, com conseqüente ampliação de sua utilização como material alternativo na construção civil na produção de painéis modulares de vedação. Diferentes tipos e quantidades de polímeros foram adicionados na água de amassamento do gesso para a realização de ensaios de laboratório que determinaram a trabalhabiblidade da pasta, os tempos de início e fim de pega, a taxa de absorção e a resistência à compressão axial. Pela microscopia eletrônica de varredura, foi possível analisar a microestrutura das pastas confeccionadas e confirmar os dados obtidos nos ensaios de absorção e resistência à compressão axial. Dois traços com presença de aditivos se destacaram em relação aos objetivos propostos neste trabalho. Os resultados indicam que a presença de Silicone, que é um produto comercial, proporcionou redução na taxa de absorção do gesso, de 75%, se comparado com traço branco de análise. No entanto, sua presença não influenciou significativamente na resistência à compressão do material. A adição combinada de Silicone e Glenium 3200 HES possibilitou a redução de 28% na relação água/gesso, aumentando...
In Brazil, the activities of civil construction are an issue of great concern to the environmental leaders, particularly in relation to the generation and management of the construction wastes. Given the need for sustainable development in this sector, technological innovation has become an important tool for the mitigation of environment impacts. Based on the principles of cleaner production (P + L), the aim of this work was to collaborate to the develoment of technological innovation in civil construction, aiming to reduce the waste generated in constructions. Plaster, water and polymers were used as raw materials. In order to improve the properties of the mixture, both in early age and hardened gypsum pastes, this study assessed whether an alternation in the misture proportion would yield a reduction in the absorption rate and an increase in the compression resistance, with consequent expansion of its use as an alternative material in civil construction in the production of modular panels to seal. Different types and quantities of resins were added in the water before mixing with the plaster. Laborstory tests were carried out to determine the workability of the gypsum paste, the initial and final setting time values, the absorption rate and compression resistance. Using the scanning electron microscopy, it was possible to analyze the microstructure of gypsum paste and comfirm the data obtained in laboratory tests of absorption and compression resistance. Two mixtures with additives were more relevant to the proposed objectives for this work. The results indicated that the addition of silicone, which is a commercial product, provided a decrease in the plaster absortion rate of 75%, when compared to mixture without silicone. However, their addition reduced the compression resistance of the material. The combined addition of silicone and Glenium 3200 HES yielded a reduction in water/plaster ratio of 30%, increasing the compression resistance ...

Abstract:

Orientador: Adilson Renófio
Banca: Rosane Aparecida Gomes Battistelle
Banca: César Antunes de Freitas
Resumo: No Brasil, as atividades da construção civil são motivos de preocupação para os líderes ambientais, principalmente em relação à geração e à gestão dos resíduos da construção. Diante da necessidade de desenvolvimento sustentável nesse setor, a inovação tecnológica torna-se uma importante ferramenta para a minoração do impacto ambiental. Baseado nos princípios da produção mais limpa (P+L), o objetivo deste trabalho foi colaborar para o desenvolvimento da inovação tecnológica na construção civil, visando à redução dos resíduos gerados em obra. Utilizou-se como matéria-prima o gesso, água e polímeros, objetivando a melhoria nas propriedades deste material, tanto no estado fresco quanto no estado endurecido, como a redução da absorção e aumento da resistência à compressão, com conseqüente ampliação de sua utilização como material alternativo na construção civil na produção de painéis modulares de vedação. Diferentes tipos e quantidades de polímeros foram adicionados na água de amassamento do gesso para a realização de ensaios de laboratório que determinaram a trabalhabiblidade da pasta, os tempos de início e fim de pega, a taxa de absorção e a resistência à compressão axial. Pela microscopia eletrônica de varredura, foi possível analisar a microestrutura das pastas confeccionadas e confirmar os dados obtidos nos ensaios de absorção e resistência à compressão axial. Dois traços com presença de aditivos se destacaram em relação aos objetivos propostos neste trabalho. Os resultados indicam que a presença de Silicone, que é um produto comercial, proporcionou redução na taxa de absorção do gesso, de 75%, se comparado com traço branco de análise. No entanto, sua presença não influenciou significativamente na resistência à compressão do material. A adição combinada de Silicone e Glenium 3200 HES possibilitou a redução de 28% na relação água/gesso, aumentando...
Abstract: In Brazil, the activities of civil construction are an issue of great concern to the environmental leaders, particularly in relation to the generation and management of the construction wastes. Given the need for sustainable development in this sector, technological innovation has become an important tool for the mitigation of environment impacts. Based on the principles of cleaner production (P + L), the aim of this work was to collaborate to the develoment of technological innovation in civil construction, aiming to reduce the waste generated in constructions. Plaster, water and polymers were used as raw materials. In order to improve the properties of the mixture, both in early age and hardened gypsum pastes, this study assessed whether an alternation in the misture proportion would yield a reduction in the absorption rate and an increase in the compression resistance, with consequent expansion of its use as an alternative material in civil construction in the production of modular panels to seal. Different types and quantities of resins were added in the water before mixing with the plaster. Laborstory tests were carried out to determine the workability of the gypsum paste, the initial and final setting time values, the absorption rate and compression resistance. Using the scanning electron microscopy, it was possible to analyze the microstructure of gypsum paste and comfirm the data obtained in laboratory tests of absorption and compression resistance. Two mixtures with additives were more relevant to the proposed objectives for this work. The results indicated that the addition of silicone, which is a commercial product, provided a decrease in the plaster absortion rate of 75%, when compared to mixture without silicone. However, their addition reduced the compression resistance of the material. The combined addition of silicone and Glenium 3200 HES yielded a reduction in water/plaster ratio of 30%, increasing the compression resistance ...
Mestre

Abstract:

A Produção mais Limpa (P+L) é uma abordagem preventiva de gestão ambiental destinada a reduzir a poluição na fonte. Apesar dos casos de sucesso, a literatura indica algumas barreiras que tem dificultado a implantação da P+L nas empresas. Entre essas barreiras estão o fato de sua aplicação ser pontual e pouco integrada à gestão das empresas e a falta de informações detalhadas e sistematizadas sobre práticas que podem ser aplicadas no processo de implantação da P+L. O principal objetivo deste trabalho é introduzir um Modelo de Maturidade de Produção mais Limpa para apoiar a implantação de produção mais limpa nas empresas. O Modelo de Maturidade proposto é composto por três elementos: Estágios de Maturidade, Práticas de Produção mais Limpa e Método de Aplicação para melhoria contínua. Para isso, uma revisão da literatura foi realizada com objetivo de identificar as principais dimensões de evolução em Produção mais Limpa e sistematizar práticas, técnicas e ferramentas de P+L que foram incluídas como parte do modelo. Além disso, a primeira versão do Modelo foi submetida à avaliação de especialistas com objetivo de melhorar sua descrição e consistência. Os principais benefícios que o modelo oferece tanto para área acadêmica como para as empresas são a sistematização do conhecimento sobre Produção mais Limpa, um conjunto de práticas, técnicas e ferramentas e um guia simplificado e visual para avaliar a condição atual e definir metas futuras para avançar na implantação da P+L.
Cleaner Production (CP) is a preventive environmental management approach aimed at reducing pollution at source. Despite the success stories, the literature indicates barriers that difficults the implementation of CP into companies. Among these barriers are the fact that the CP application is timely and poorly integrated with the management of companies and the lack of detailed and systematized information on practices that can be applied in the CP implementation process. The main objective of this work is to introduce a Cleaner production Maturity Model to support the implementation of cleaner production into companies. The Cleaner Production Maturity Model proposed is composed of three elements: Maturity stages, Cleaner Production Practices and Application Method for continuous improvement. For this, a literature review was conducted to identify the main evolution dimensions on cleaner production adoption and systematize CP practices, techniques and tools that were included into the model framework. Moreover the first version of Cleaner Production Maturity Model was submitted to experts evaluation in order to improve the framework description and consistency. The main benefits the model provides both to academic and business areas is a systamatization of cleaner production knowledge, a set of practices, techniques and tools and a simplified and visual guide to evaluate current condition and define future goals to advance the CP implementation into a company.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
O meio ambiente tem sido a fonte natural de recursos para oferecer bem-estar às necessidades humanas. As empresas de transformação são as principais consumidoras dos recursos naturais, que em algum momento da cadeia produtiva foram retirados do ambiente. Como resultado das atividades produtivas das empresas, o meio ambiente assimila a perda de recursos não renováveis, a incapacidade de recuperar suas funções e a degradação causada pelos impactos ambientais, motivados por resíduos e emissões. As pressões sociais e governamentais expressam o desejo de proteger o meio ambiente por meio do conceito de sustentabilidade dos sistemas produtivos. Muitas propostas e ferramentas tem surgido no cenário mundial, uma delas feita em conjunto por entidades mundialmente reconhecidas, como o Programa das Nações Unidas para o Meio ambiente (PNUMA), e a Conferência das Nações Unidas para o Meio ambiente e Desenvolvimento (CNUMAD), foi intitulada Produção Mais Limpa (P+L) e se propõe a evitar a controlar a poluição causada por resíduos e emissões antes que ocorra. Esta tese propõe diretrizes para implantação e gestão de princípios da P+L, como estratégia preventiva contra poluição para as empresas produtoras de calçados plásticos injetados. Essas diretrizes foram propostas a partir da fundamentação teórica obtida de uma pesquisa bibliográfica que contemplou os artigos mais citados em publicações de abrangência internacional. O referencial teórico obtido sobre o assunto deu suporte para a elaboração de um questionário semiestruturado que orientou a coleta de dados em uma pesquisa qualitativa do tipo estudo de casos múltiplos, que mapeou o processo produtivo das empresas desse extrato e permitiu o pesquisador vivenciar a realidade dessas empresas e verificar o confronto entre a teoria e a prática em relação aos 14 princípios da P+L selecionados na literatura sobre o assunto. Após a coleta dos dados em empresas de porte micro, pequenas e médias, sendo duas de cada porte num total de seis empresas estudadas, a transversalidade da analise cruzada permitiu a generalizar a aplicação dos princípios em relação a realidade para dar suporte ao desenvolvimento das diretrizes de implementação que uma vez adotadas pelas empresas propiciará a mesma os benefícios relacionados a Produção Mais Limpa (P+L).
The environment has been the natural source of resources to provide well-being to human needs. The manufacturing industry are the main consumers of natural resources that remove them from the environment at some point along the production chain. Because of the productive activities of the companies, the environment assimilates the consumption of nonrenewable resources, the inability to recover its environmental functions and the degradation caused by the impacts of the waste and emissions. Social and governmental pressures express the desire to protect the environment towards the concept of sustainability of productions systems. Many proposals and tools have emerged along the world, one of them made jointly by globally recognized entities such as the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), and the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), entitled Cleaner Production (CP) and aims to avoid controlling the pollution caused by waste and emissions before it occurs. This thesis proposes guidelines for implementation and management of CP principles, as a preventive strategy against pollution for manufacturing industry of injected plastic shoes. A bibliographical research contemplated the most cited articles in publications of international scope and generated a theoretical reference that based the basis for the formulation of the guidelines for implementation and management of CP principles. The theoretical reference supported a protocol that guided the data collection in a qualitative research of the multiple case study. The case study mapped the productive process of the companies researched and allowed the researcher to experience the reality of these companies and check the confrontation between theory and practices in relation to the 14 principles of CP selected in literature. After collect data in a total of six companies, two of each, micro, small and medium size, the transversally of the cross analysis allowed generalize the application of the principles in relation to reality to support the development of the guidelines which once adopted by the companies will provide the same benefits related to Cleaner Production (CP).

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The aim of this dissertation was characterize a Plan of Solid Waste Management (PGRS) for a supermarket chain, according to the guidelines of the Law nº 12.305/2010, including all steps for its implementation, in order to adapt the enterprise to the current legislation. It is a case study, configured as an applied research, which used the exploratory and descriptive methods, with qualitative approach. With regard to data collection procedures, were used, in addition to bibliographic search, raising the organization's records, semi-structured interviews with managers and coordinators of the sectors, direct observation and participatory action research. For data analysis, it was used the content analysis. So, is justified the present study because of business is part of the list of companies considered large waste generators, and according to the requirement of Law nº 12.305/2010, it has the obligation to develop and implement a PGRS. Thus, after the analysis of the data and the identification of improvement points, it can be presented as a contribution to the practice: the elaboration of the PGRS and the action s plans for the implementation of the suggested proposal, in addition to the action research approach. It is expected, with this proposal, which, when deploying the PGRS, the enterprise contemplates not only the legal requirements, but also the environmental, social and financial benefits for the organization, seeking, in this way, that the company becomes environmentally friendly
O objetivo desta dissertação foi caracterizar um Plano de Gerenciamento de Resíduos Sólidos (PGRS) para uma rede de supermercados, de acordo com as diretrizes da Lei nº 12.305/2010, contemplando todas as etapas para a sua implantação, com a finalidade de adequar o empreendimento à legislação vigente. Trata-se de um estudo de caso, configurando-se como uma pesquisa aplicada, que empregou os métodos exploratórios e descritivos, com abordagem qualitativa. No que se refere aos procedimentos de coleta de dados, foram empregados, além da pesquisa bibliográfica, levantamento nos registros da organização, entrevistas semiestruturadas com os gerentes e com os coordenadores dos setores, observação in loco e pesquisa-ação. Para a análise dos dados, empregou-se a análise de conteúdo. Assim, justifica-se o presente estudo pelo fato do empreendimento fazer parte do rol de empresas consideradas grandes geradoras de resíduos e de acordo com as exigências da Lei nº 12.305/2010, estas possuem a obrigatoriedade de elaborar e de implantar um PGRS. Dessa forma, após a análise dos dados levantados e a identificação dos pontos de melhoria, apresentou-se como contribuição prática: a elaboração do PGRS e dos planos de ação para a implantação da proposta sugerida, além da abordagem da pesquisa-ação. Espera-se com essa proposta, que, ao implantar o PGRS, o empreendimento contemple não somente os requisitos legais, como também os benefícios ambientais, sociais e financeiros para a organização, buscando, dessa forma, que a empresa se torne ambientalmente correta

Abstract:

Considerada a importância de que os Programas de Produção mais Limpa (PPLs) são investidos e os problemas constatados com suas performances em todo o mundo, avalia-se como crítica a ausência de Bases Teóricas para avaliar esses programas. Na Literatura acadêmica para este tema, não se encontram abordagens que orientem a Concepção e a Gestão dos PPLs. Movida por estas constatações críticas e pelo senso de urgência em atender esta carência, a pesquisa empreendida, da qual parte dos resultados compõem esta Tese, se dedica à construção de Bases fundamentadas em áreas do conhecimento científico que apóiem a avaliação dos PPLs. Diante da escassez de abordagens teóricas para este propósito, esta Tese se constitui em estudo exploratório e voltado à proposição de um conjunto de enfoques que atenda à sua meta fundamental. Sugerindo que o conjunto resultante estabeleça um arcabouço teórico primário, dirigem-se os enfoques para três níveis de análise : (i) aspectos externos a um Programa a avaliar (macro-análise); (ii) constituição estrutural deste PPL e dinâmicas de seus componentes (meso-análise); e (iii) aspectos psico-sociológicos das relações internas no PPL (micro-análise). Define-se o nivel de meso-análise como foco das elaborações da Tese, para o qual se desenvolvem dois enfoques. Aos enfoques elaborados para os outros dois níveis de análise dedicam-se menores desenvolvimentos, limitando-se a indicar sua integração com os enfoques do nível de meso-análise e seus posteriores desdobramentos e aprofundamentos. Para as construções dos enfoques, utiliza-se de revisões amplas na literatura de Teorias de Aprendizagem, Teorias Organizacionais, Psicologia Ambiental, Complexidade e Gestão da Mudança, como apoios para a revisão de publicações acadêmicas sobre PPLs. Limitações constatadas para estas elaborações teóricas do conjunto de enfoques destacam a importância de uma fase complementar de estudos empíricos qualitativos que, na Tese, prioriza aperfeiçoar o enfoque para Análise Estrutural. Empregando-se principalmente a abordagem de Estudos de Caso e recursos adaptados da Grounded Theory, elabora-se um Esboço Estrutural para este enfoque. A consolidação da integração dos enfoques propostos pela Tese alcança maior consistência pela aplicação do Esboço Estrutural para descrever aspectos dos Casos estudados em um Estudo de Caso Genérico, acompanhada de uma série de análises que integram, progressivamente, conceitos teóricos das ferramentas analíticas que compõem os enfoques. A base da lógica que coordena concepções e construções da Tese se alicerça no enfoque de Pensamento Complexo de Morin, operacionalizada através da dialética hermenêutica que orienta a postura de pesquisa. Tais escolhas filosófico-epistemológicas proporcionam nexo para a integração complexa de múltiplos e variados fatores e conceitos que passam a compor os enfoques, conciliando ambigüidades, oposições e paradoxos típicos dos fenômenos observados nos PPLs. Como resultados, alcança-se evidente capacidade do conjunto de enfoques elaborado para avaliar PPLs de diversos arranjos organizacionais, permitindo-se interpretações ricas dos aspectos que concorrem para seus resultados, o que atende ao propósito original de contribuir para a compreensão de suas performances. Desta forma, a Tese oferece contributo significativo para um campo de conhecimento que carece de contribuições teóricas urgentes.
A critical lack of approaches based on theoretical fundamentals to evaluating Cleaner Production Programmes (CPPs) in the academic literature collides with the significance of these programmes and with their crucial performance problems all over the world. Scientific guidance on designing and managing CPPs is nonexistent or unavailable to regular search on academic publications. Intending to reduce this scarcity of scientific knowledge, the research from which this Thesis gathers its results conceives approaches supported by theoretical underpinnings aimed to evaluate CPPs. Given the knowledge insufficiency on this subject, this Thesis constitutes an exploratory study devoted to the proposition of a set of analytical approaches. This set is intended to establish a basic theoretical framework whose approaches are designed to fit three analytical levels : (i) external aspects of a Programme under assessment (macro-analysis); (ii) structural constitution of this CPP and the dynamics of its components (meso-analysis); and (iii) psycho-sociological aspects of the CPP internal relations (micro-analysis). The main focus of elaborative work concerns the meso-analysis level, to which two approaches have been developed. Less development is dedicated to the other levels and the Thesis confines the elaboration of their approaches to their vital fit and sound synergy with the approaches of the meso-analysis level. The study indicates detailed features of the micro-analysis approach and how they develop in future advanced stages of the research. Similar indications of future developments for the macro-analysis approach receive attention in the discussions. Encompassing reviews of the literature on Learning Theories, Organisational Theories, Environmental Psychology, Complexity and Organisational Change underpin the conception and development of the approaches, integrating elements drew on an extensive review of the academic literature on CPPs. In order to overcome limitations pointed out from the elaboration of the approaches, a complementary empirical phase of qualitative research assumes vital importance to the study and its priority focused improvements in the structural analysis approach. Case Study methods and adapted features of Grounded Theory served as main contributing approaches/techniques to the complex confection of a Structural Blueprint for this analytical approach. Applying this Structural Blueprint as a tool to describe aspects examined in actual Cases, composing a Generic Case Study, followed by a series of analyses that progressively integrate theoretical concepts of the proposed approaches into the assessment supported by the Blueprint, the study succeed in consolidating the integration of the analytical approaches. The logical basis steering Thesis conceptions and developments stands on Morin’s concept of Complex Thinking, which provides guidance to the hermeneutic dialectic conducted in accordance with the study’s research posture. Nexus afforded by such philosophic-epistemological orientation prevails in the complex integration of multiple and diverse factors and concepts embodied in the analytical approaches, providing consonance for the typical ambiguities, oppositions, and paradoxes observed in phenomena related to CPPs. The proposed set of approaches features evident capacity to evaluate CPPs holding varied organisational arrangements, imparting rich interpretations of aspects that contribute to their results and serving its original purpose of assisting the comprehension of their performance. Thus the Thesis offers relevant contribution to this field of knowledge, which demands urgent theoretical advancements.

Abstract:

This chapter examines the legal regime governing succession to movables and immovables. Once the estate of the deceased has been cleared of debts and all taxes and duties paid, the administrator will distribute the property among those to whom it beneficially belongs. These persons are to be identified by the choice of law rules relating to succession and may vary according to whether the estate consists of movables or immovables and whether the deceased left a will or died intestate. This chapter first considers intestate succession to movables and immovables as well as various questions that arise in the case of wills before discussing the proposed European harmonisation of choice of law rules concerning succession and wills. It also analyses the powers of appointment exercised by a person through his own will, along with issues relating to capacity, formal validity, essential validity, construction and revocation of the power of appointment.

Abstract:

This chapter discusses the Energy Charter Treaty (ECT) and renewable energy disputes in more detail. It begins with an overview of the framework of national and international regulations in the renewable energy sector. Next, the chapter looks at a recent series of ECT cases filed by investors in the renewable (predominantly solar) energy sector against Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Italy, and Spain. The chapter compares this recent wave of arbitrations in the renewables sector with the first arbitration award rendered under the ECT, which also concerned incentives to encourage investments for cleaner energy. It concludes with reflections on whether Italy's decision to withdraw from the ECT was influenced by these most recent cases filed against it.

Abstract:

Marketing vacuum cleaners in the UK largely followed US methods. Vacuum cleaner firms introduced a new form of direct selling to Britain, which was of enduring importance. Its popularity among suppliers was based on its effectiveness—reflected in high British diffusion rates for vacuums, relative to other high-ticket labour-saving appliances. However, unlike the United States—where vacuum cleaner salesmen were widely accepted as part of the retail culture—Britain saw much greater public opposition to unwanted high-pressure selling. A less commonly discussed adverse feature of the system was its treatment of the salesmen, many of whom struggled to earn even a basic labourer’s income. Many salesmen reacted by engaging in sharp practice, both through desperation and, often, in a conscious attempt to turn the tables on their employers.

Abstract:

The landmark paper discussed in this chapter is ‘Gene therapy for pain: Results of a Phase I clinical trial’, published by Fink et al. in 2011. In this study, the first of its kind, researchers studied the efficacy and safety of a modified herpes simplex virus (HSV) vector used to deliver PENK, which encodes proenkephalin, which is cleaved into the enkephalin peptides Met-enkephalin and Leu-enkephalin, which induce analgesia by acting on opioid receptors. The development of the HSV vector was based in part on results studies in which adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, or non-viral vectors were used to overexpress genes. Overexpression of a variety of large molecules leads to a reduction in pain-related behaviour in animals. Gene therapy in the treatment of chronic pain seems to offer a promising alternative to systemic or highly invasive therapies. However, additional research is needed to determine the safety, effectiveness, and cost-efficiency of this approach.

Abstract:

Transnational organised crime (TOC) impacts states and societies on different levels. It can have devastating effects on the state, the rule of law, and the economy in countries. It is a great challenge for criminological research to measure those impacts and give a precise account of the consequences societies face when infiltrated by TOC. Depending on legal, institutional, and socio-economic conditions in states and societies, these impacts may vary in their effect. Where governments and state institutions are weak and the civil society poor, TOC seemingly flourishes. Nevertheless, the conditions for this flourishing of TOC are much more complex than the simple link between weak states, poverty, and TOC might suggest. To achieve a more complete and clearer picture of TOC and its impact on societies, it is important to consider it as an integral part of society, not an external invader. Therefore, TOC is strongly linked to societal developments in recent years, particularly with globalization.

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AbstractThe three chapters in this Part reflect on their authors’ respective experiences of the challenges presented by the realpolitik of implementing projects in values-based practice. The challenges reflect the ‘3 Rs’ of values-based practice by which (as described in our concluding chapter 47, “Co-writing Values: What We Did and Why We Did It”) we have been guided in developing this book: Raising awareness, chapter 44, “Reflections on the Impact of Mental Health Ward Staff Training in Race Equality and Values-Based Practice”, a project combining race equality training and values-based practice for ward staff; Recognition, chapter 45, “Connecting Patients, Practitioners and Regulators in Supporting Positive Experiences and Processes of Shared Decision-Making in Osteopathy: A Case Study in Co-production”, a project in positive practice bringing together regulators, clinicians and patients; and Respect, chapter 46, “Beyond the Colour Bar: Sharing Narratives in Order to Promote a Clearer Understanding of Mental Health Issues Across Cultural and Racial Boundaries”, a project aimed at getting beyond the colour bar between white and black in mental health diagnosis. The chapter concludes with a note on the significance of the resources available from a culturally enriched form of values-based mental health practice for meeting the challenges of implementation.

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AbstractIt is becoming clearer that data-supported input is essential in the policy making process. But at which point of the process, and in which format, can data aid policy making? And what does an organisation need to turn data into relevant insights? This paper explores the role of data from two perspectives. In the first part, data and data analysis are situated in the policy making process by mapping them onto the data supported policy making model and highlighting the different roles they can assume in each stage and step of the process. The second part discusses a practical framework for policy-oriented data activities, zooming in on the data-specific actions and the actors performing them in each data-supported step of the policy making process. We observe that a close collaboration between the policy maker and data scientist in the framework of an iterative approach permits to transform the policy question into a suited data analysis question and deliver relevant insights with the flexibility desired by decision makers. In conclusion, for data to be turned into actionable policy insights it is vital to set up structures that ensure the presence and the collaboration of policy-oriented and data-oriented competences.

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Abstract The internationalization of higher education has been intensely studied at both national and institutional level. However, in recent years, it has been increasingly influenced by national level policies aimed at losing perceived talent gaps emerging in European economies. Several countries have enhanced facilities allowing international students to become permanent residents, even while tightening immigration requirements for other third country nationals. Such policy changes would imply that the international student has become a public policy target from a demographic policy perspective. As part of an enhanced focus on the internationalization of higher education, Romania enacted significant legal changes to its immigration laws in November 2018, altering the conditions under which international students can become permanent or long-term residents. Deploying the use of interviews, as well as a public policy analysis of recent legal and regulatory changes, this paper aims to explore the degree to which universities are using new legal provisions to enhance their internationalization efforts. This should offer a clearer picture of how regulatory changes shape the implementation of internationalization strategies among Romanian universities.

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Abstract This final contribution draws together the various lines of discussion. It outlines the main arguments as well as the points of convergence between transnational developments. Taking up the introductory chapters, the reasons for the rapid development of chaplaincy documentation in the last two decades are examined. The rise of charting spiritual care is understood as an aspect of the ongoing digitalization of society and healthcare. At least three further drivers are clearly identifiable: the emergence of a new paradigm of healthcare chaplaincy, the development of interprofessional spiritual care, and remarkable changes in Western societies concerning the role of religion and spirituality in public spaces. In current discussions about recording spiritual care in EMRs, there is a growing convergence on at least four points. First, used as a tool for planning, coordination, and self-evaluation, digital charting can benefit the work of chaplains. Second, it can also have undesired side effects. Third, any future healthcare chaplaincy will have to be a part of the evolving process of digital recording. Fourth, the ongoing change in healthcare and society forces chaplains to become clearer about its nature and role. In sum, the task of charting spiritual care into EMRs might be seen as a bureaucratic burden. However, with its questions of the “who,” the “what,” and the “how,” it touches the heart of chaplaincy as a spiritual profession in healthcare. The paper concludes with an outline of a possible future for the practice of charting spiritual care.

Abstract:

Mrs. Dashwood did not hear unmoved the vindication of her former favourite. She rejoiced in his being cleared from some part of his imputed guilt;—she was sorry for him;—she wished him happy. But the feelings of the past could not be recalled.—Nothing...

Abstract:

Fakam lies a day's walk from the more permanently used houses in Bolivip, and this occasional house was temporarily occupied through various comings and goings for many weeks whilst mature taro gardens were harvested and new gardens were cleared and planted. Bolivip divides the forest in several ways: by elevation between hot and cold places where most crops and pandanus are tended, and the high cloud forest; and by usage between primary forest, gardens, old garden sites, spirit sites, and house clearings. An entirely new variety of taro is found having spontaneously emerged amongst broken ground in some unfamiliar part of the forest. Kinim miit relations are sometimes imaged as a tree.

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This chapter discusses how the landscape for global health governance has evolved. It finds that the political importance of health as an international and global issue has changed radically. International health organizations started with a mandate to control the spread of infectious diseases between countries as a by-product of trade. Today, their work is central to economic development, poverty reduction, human rights, sustainable development, and the effective management of globalization. Any modern understating of the role and functions of International Organizations (IOs) in the field of health must now take into account the actions and interactions of a much wider range of institutional actors. While the World Health Organization (WHO) and IOs are most effective in meeting the need for legislative instruments, norms, standards and other global public goods, it is also the part of their agenda that is hardest to finance. There are many other players — internationally and locally — that are more adept at providing finance, implementing projects, and providing hands-on technical support in developing countries than normative IOs. Furthermore, the growing number of institutions involved in global health suggests the need for a much clearer division of labour in order to allow each one to play to its respective strengths.

Abstract:

The implications of all these changes are becoming clearer for HR development, education, and training functions. These changes will make it easier to share information and optimize knowledge creation. They will affect the continuing evolution of the workforce because access to the Internet and a laptop are no longer enough for successful management of a distributed team. Keeping up with change effectively is an important part of a company’s long-term plan. Forward-looking organizations will implement strategies to maximize the benefits of these changes and soften the negative effects. Well-managed distributed teams can be an integral part of a company’s strategy and can provide major benefits to the company.

Abstract:

Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is a single chain glycoprotein of 527 amino acids consisting of structural domains hom*ologous to other plasma proteins ("finger","epidermal growth factor", "kringles" and "protease"). Unlike zymogens of other serine proteases, tPA in the single chain form (1-527), has amidolytic and fibrinolytic activity. However, the amidolytic activity is enhanced when tPA is cleaved by plasmin at the Arg275-Ile276 bond to yield the disulfide bonded two chain form. We used trypsin to study the structure and function of tPA by limited digestion. Aliquots of tPA (1 mg/ml) were digested at pH 7 with varying amounts of trypsin (1:10,000, 1:1000, 1:100 and 1:10; enzyme to substrate ratio). The dilute solutions of trypsin (1:10,000) were effective at completely converting one chain tPA to the two chain form, but little additional proteolysis was observed on SDS-PAGE. The proteolytic fragments of tPA were isolated by reduction and carboxymethylation (RCM), SDS gel electrophoresis and reversed phase HPLC. The RCM polypeptides were identified by amino acid composition and sequence. Specific antisera were prepared against peptide antigens of tPA including (1-27), (1-275), (276-527) and (502525). Immunoblotting experiments with the tryptic digests of tPA indicated that the region (1-275) is more susceptible to proteolytic attack than the protease (275-527). Specific cleavage sites were identified at positions 7, 10, 27 and 40. Partially digested tPA preparations were tested for enzymatic activity as determined by hydrolysis of the peptide substrate S-2288 or by clot lysis. Limited proteolysis at the amino terminus was correlated with significant loss of fibrinolytic . activity but minimal effect on the amidolytic activity. Increased tryptic digestion resulted in complete loss of amidolytic activity and significant reduction in antigenic activity as determined by polyclonal anti-tPA ELISA. These results areconsistent with the amino terminal "finger" domain being in part responsible for the fibrin-binding specificity of tPA. Limited tryptic digest of tPA, cleaves first at Arg-275, then subsequently cleaves the "finger" with associated loss of fibrinolytic activity.

Abstract:

As part of the joint GE/DoE Water-Cooled Components Test Program,1 a series of tests were performed involving the combustion of a minimally cleaned low-Btu coal gas in a pressurized gas turbine simulator. The fuel gas was produced in a 1-ton/hr advanced fixed-bed gasifier using Illinois #6 coal, and filtered of particulate in a full-pressure, full-temperature cyclone separator. The resulting product had a gross heating value of approximately 5000 kJ/kg at a temperature of 540 °C and a pressure of 22 bar. Numerous contaminants also remained in the fuel gas, including approximately 100 ppmw particulate matter (coal dust of 3 μm average size), 2000–4000 ppmv ammonia, 2000–2500 ppmv H2S, and 0.5–1.0% vaporized tars, oils, phenols, and other condensible hydrocarbons. The fuel gas was burned with air at 6–7 bar pressure and 400 °C temperature in a gas turbine combustion system at overall fuel-air ratios up to 0.25 (overall equivalence ratio 0.36). Gaseous emissions were sampled in the exhaust stream and measurements made for O2, CO2, CO, unburned hydrocarbons, NOx, and SOx. The CO and unburned hydrocarbon emissions were both below 20 ppmv at full firing conditions, indicating acceptable combustion efficiency. The NOx levels measured were up to 500 ppmv, and were due to the of conversion of fuel-bound nitrogen (ammonia principally). The SOx emissions directly followed the oxidation of fuel-bound sulfur (H2S principally). At part-load conditions, emissions of CO and unburned hydrocarbons were observed to increase, as expected. Stable operation was maintained down to a combustion system temperature rise of approximately 350 °C.

Abstract:

We present an approach to automatically learn a bimanual robotic cleaning task on compliant objects. One robot grasps the object, while the other robot cleans it. Given a part with unknown deformation characteristics, the system visually detects the regions to be cleaned, and generates plans for both the grasping and cleaning arms. As the system performs cleaning attempts and gains experience with multiple new parts, it learns models of the part deformation depending on the cleaning force and grasping parameters. A planner iteratively generates tool paths for both robots using the available knowledge to optimize the cleaning time, including (1) delays from regrasping a part to minimize deflection and (2) time taken for repeated cleaning attempts over regions that remained dirty. A nonparametric deflection model is learned separately for each part, with minimal assumptions of the material behavior. We demonstrate the approach on a system of two KUKA LWR iiwa robots and a set of thin planar parts. Results indicate that the system is effective at rapidly learning part deformation models to enable effective iterative cleaning performance.

Abstract:

This paper focuses on an emerging manufacturing technology called Additive Manufacturing (AM) and its potential to become a more efficient and cleaner manufacturing alternative. This work is built around selected case companies, where the benefit of AM compared to other more traditional technologies is studied through the comparison of resource consumption. The resource consumption is defined as raw materials and energy input. The scope of this work is the application of AM in the scale model kit industry. The method used is the life cycle inventory study, which is a subtype of life cycle assessment (LCA). The result of the paper is the quantification of raw materials and energy consumption. The outcomes shows that AM has higher efficiency in terms of materials usage, as a higher proportion of materials ending up in the final product. Injection Molding (IM), on the other hand, wastes a significant proportion of raw materials in components that are not part of the final product. If the same or similar raw materials are used in both manufacturing methods, the advantage is clearly with AM. However, AM has higher energy consumption in comparison to the injection molding technique (IM). In terms of energy consumption, AM only has an advantage in this area when working with a very low production volume. The analysis of the energy consumption shows that most of the energy used in AM is to create the final product, while IM only uses a fraction of the total energy to produce the final product. AM technologies are still very new but have the potential for development and reduction of energy consumption in the future. Added to this potential is the higher materials usage efficiency of AM, which reduce the waste of materials and the energy, embedded in them. These two factors are likely to position AM as cleaner manufacturing alternative.

Abstract:

Hybrid plasminogen activator (PA) genes containing fragments of cDNA encoding the non-catalytic part of tissue-PA and the .catalytic domain of urokinase and vice versa were constructed and expressed in Chinese Hamster ovary (CHO) cells. The hybrid nature of the products in stably transformed cells was analyzed at the level of DNA and RNA using probes derived from different regions of the urokinase and tissue-PA cDNAs and at the protein level by means of polyclonal antibodies raised against tissue-PA and urokinase. The hybrid genes made hybrid RNAs and proteins of the expected sizes. The proteins were enzymatically active as determined by zymography and chromogenic enzyme assays and this activity was blocked by the appropriate antibodies. The effect on hybrid PAs of cyanogen bromide cleaved fibrinogen fragments, poly-D-lysine and heparin which are known to affect the activity of tissue-PA and urokinase differently was also studied

Abstract:

This third in a series of four papers (Parts I–IV) presents the equations used for the initial evaluation of a pump’s ability to suspend solids and extends those equations to establish the minimum local velocity required to suspend those solids. This minimum velocity was used in a finite difference model in Part I to predict the ability of a pump to suspend, or slurry, solids that had settled on the bottom of a nuclear waste tank. To slurry waste, the Advanced Design Mixer Pump (ADMP) discharges a fluid jet that impinges on, shears, and then suspends the waste. Prior to the pump’s installation in a waste tank, the local velocity at a point in the flow required to suspend solids was found from available equations, material properties, and empirical data for similar pumps. Also, the computational fluids dynamics (CFD) model was validated in Part II by comparing it to flow rates measured in a full scale test facility where the ADMP was operated. The CFD fluid model could then be used to predict flow rates throughout the actual waste tank where the pump was to be installed, and the ability of the pump to adequately slurry the waste could be shown. All that needed to be done was to compare the local velocity of the fluid required to shear the waste into suspension to the velocities modeled throughout the waste tank. In short, this paper validates the theoretical and experimental basis for the derivation of a minimum velocity required for the flow stream to shear the waste into suspension. The final installment to this series of papers (Part IV) validates the application of the CFD model, by concluding that a nuclear waste tank is effectively cleaned to the wall throughout most of tank, using the ADMP.

Abstract:

Japanese Ministry of International Trade and Industry has been promoting a 300 kW Ceramic Gas Turbine (CGT) research and development program for 10 years. It was begun in 1988 as a part of the “New Sunshine Project”. The development target is to achieve thermal efficiency of over 42% at a turbine inlet temperature (TIT) of 1350°C. We have been taking a part in this project and developing a regenerative two-shaft CGT302. This project will be finished at the end of FY1998. In 1998, we confirmed 31.7 ppm NOx emission at 1350°C by engine test. This result cleared the target emission level of 70 ppm. We also achieved 40.5% of thermal efficiency at 1412°C TIT and we are working to achieve the final target and cumulating operating hours to confirm reliability of ceramic components at 1200°C TIT which is considered to be reasonable temperature for commercial use. This paper describes about ten years development summary of the CGT302.

Abstract:

Peace is made at home, in the streets, in our communities – and on the world stage. In all these spaces, women in all their diversity work to forge the conditions that make peace possible. Perhaps nowhere is this clearer than in conflict-affected countries, where diverse women’s organizations draw attention to human rights violations happening in wars, and offer alternative paths to peace. While women in civil society often lead the way in preventing and bringing an end to violence, they are not included meaningfully in peace and security decision-making, even at the UN Security Council (UNSC) – the guardian of the Women, Peace and Security agenda. This report, jointly published by Oxfam and the NGOWG, explores the practice of inviting women civil society representatives to brief the UNSC. It intends to push beyond the idea of participation as a checkbox exercise and analyzes the extent to which women’s voices form part of UNSC deliberations, and which conditions mean their participation has the most impact.

Abstract:

Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial celebrates the lives of the Lincoln family including the final resting place of Abraham’s mother, Nancy Hanks Lincoln. Lincoln’s childhood in Indiana was a formative time in the life our 16th president. When the Lincoln family arrived in Indiana, the property was covered in the oak-hickory forest type. They cleared land to create their homestead and farm. Later, designers of the memorial felt that it was important to restore woodlands to the site. The woodlands would help visitors visualize the challenges the Lincoln family faced in establishing and maintaining their homestead. Some stands of woodland may have remained, but significant restoration efforts included extensive tree planting. The Heartland Inventory and Monitoring Network began monitoring the woodland in 2011 with repeat visits every four years. These monitoring efforts provide a window into the composition and structure of the wood-lands. We measure both overstory trees and the ground flora within four permanently located plots. At these permanent plots, we record each species, foliar cover estimates of ground flora, diameter at breast height of midstory and overstory trees, and tree regeneration frequency (tree seedlings and saplings). The forest species composition was relatively consistent over the three monitoring events. Climatic conditions measured by the Palmer Drought Severity Index indicated mild to wet conditions over the monitoring record. Canopy closure continued to indicate a forest structure with a closed canopy. Large trees (>45 cm DBH) comprised the greatest amount of tree basal area. Sugar maple was observed to have the greatest basal area and density of the 23 tree species observed. The oaks characteristic of the early woodlands were present, but less dominant. Although one hickory species was present, it was in very low abundance. Of the 17 tree species recorded in the regeneration layer, three species were most abundant through time: sugar maple (Acer saccharum), red bud (Cercis canadensis), and ash (Fraxinus sp.). Ash recruitment seemed to increase over prior years and maple saplings transitioned to larger size classes. Ground flora diversity was similar through time, but alpha and gamma diversity were slightly greater in 2019. Percent cover by plant guild varied through time with native woody plants and forbs having the greatest abundance. Nonnative plants were also an important part of the ground flora composition. Common periwinkle (Vinca minor) and Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) continued to be the most abundant nonnative species, but these two species were less abundant in 2019 than 2011. Unvegetated ground cover was high (mean = 95%) and increased by 17% since 2011. Bare ground increased from less than 1% in 2011 to 9% in 2019, but other ground cover elements were similar to prior years. In 2019, we quantified observer error by double sampling two plots within three of the monitoring sites. We found total pseudoturnover to be about 29% (i.e., 29% of the species records differed between observers due to observer error). This 29% pseudoturnover rate was almost 50% greater than our goal of 20% pseudoturnover. The majority of the error was attributed to observers overlooking species. Plot frame relocation error likely contributed as well but we were unable to separate it from overlooking error with our design.